Reports indicate that his mother died in childbirth in 1949. According to one comrade of Kim's mother, Lee Min, word of Kim's birth first reached an army camp in Vyatskoye via radio and that both Kim and his mother did not return there until the following year. Kim's official biography states he was born in a secret military camp on Paektu Mountain ( Korean: 백두산밀영고향집 Baekdusan Miryeong Gohyang jip) in Chōsen on 16 February 1942. Inside his family, he was nicknamed "Yura", while his younger brother Kim Man-il (born Alexander Irsenovich Kim) was nicknamed "Shura". Kim's mother, Kim Jong-suk, was Kim Il-sung's first wife. According to Lim Jae-cheon, Kim cannot have been born in Vyatskoye as Kim Il-sung's war records show that he arrived at Vyatskoye only in July 1942 and had been living in Voroshilov before, thus Kim Jong-il is generally agreed to have been born in Voroshilov. In literature, it is assumed that he was born in 1941 in either the camp of Vyatskoye, near Khabarovsk, or camp Voroshilov near Nikolsk. Soviet records show that Kim Jong-il was born Yuri Irsenovich Kim ( Russian: Юрий Ирсенович Ким).
After his death, Kim was designated the "Eternal General Secretary" of the WPK and the "Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission", in keeping with the tradition of establishing eternal posts for the dead members of the Kim family. On 19 December 2011, the North Korean government announced that he had died two days earlier, whereupon his third son, Kim Jong-un, was promoted to a senior position in the ruling WPK and succeeded him. Following Kim's failure to appear at important public events in 2008, foreign observers assumed that Kim had either fallen seriously ill or died. The most common colloquial title given to Kim was "Dear Leader" to distinguish him from his father Kim Il-sung, the "Great Leader". In April 2009, North Korea's constitution was amended to refer to him and his successors as the "supreme leader of the DPRK". Kim's rule also saw tentative economic reforms, including the opening of the Kaesong Industrial Park in 2003. Kim strengthened the role of the military by his Songun ("military-first") policies, making the army the central organizer of civil society. While the famine had ended by the late 1990s, food scarcity continued to be a problem throughout his tenure. Kim assumed leadership during a period of catastrophic economic crisis amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union, on which it was heavily dependent for trade in food and other supplies, which brought a famine. Kim ruled North Korea as a repressive and totalitarian dictatorship. Kim was the General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), WPK Presidium, Chairman of the National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army (KPA), the fourth-largest standing army in the world. Kim succeeded his father and DPRK founder Kim Il-sung, following the elder Kim's death in 1994. In the early 1980s, Kim had become the heir apparent for the leadership of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and assumed important posts in the party and army organs. He led North Korea from the 1994 death of his father Kim Il-sung, the first Supreme Leader, until his own death in 2011, when he was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-un.
Kim Jong-il ( / ˌ k ɪ m dʒ ɒ ŋ ˈ ɪ l/ Korean: 김정일 Korean pronunciation: born Yuri Irsenovich Kim 16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was a North Korean politician who was the second supreme leader of North Korea from 1994 to 2011.
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